Shakyamuni Buddha and 18 Arhats

Shakyamuni Buddha, also known simply as the Buddha, was the founder of Buddhism. He is revered for his enlightenment and teachings, which form the basis of Buddhist philosophy and practice. His life and teachings are central to many Buddhist traditions, and he is often depicted in art and scripture surrounded by his followers and disciples.

The 18 Arhats are a specific group of enlightened disciples of the Buddha who are often depicted in Buddhist art and venerated in some Buddhist traditions. The term "Arhat" means "worthy one" or "one who has achieved enlightenment" and represents individuals who have attained Nirvana and are free from the cycle of rebirth (samsara).

In various Buddhist traditions, the number and identity of the Arhats can vary, but the 18 Arhats are particularly prominent in Chinese Buddhism and other East Asian traditions. They are typically portrayed as venerable monks with distinct, often exaggerated, features to reflect their unique qualities and spiritual achievements. Each Arhat has a specific role or story associated with them, and they are sometimes depicted performing miraculous feats or displaying their mastery over various elements.

The 18 Arhats are:

1. **Kashyapa**: Known for his strong ascetic practices and as the leader of the Arhats.

2. **Ananda**: The Buddha’s cousin and personal attendant, known for his remarkable memory and role in the compilation of the Buddha’s teachings.

3. **Sari Putta**: Renowned for his profound wisdom and knowledge.

4. **Moggallana**: Known for his supernatural powers and abilities.

5. **Subhuti**: Renowned for his deep understanding of emptiness (shunyata).

6. **Purna**: Known for his extensive knowledge and understanding of the Dharma.

7. **Nanda**: The Buddha’s half-brother, who was initially reluctant but later achieved enlightenment.

8. **Kapphina**: Recognized for his asceticism and wisdom.

9. **Kumara**: Known for his youthful appearance and deep spiritual insight.

10. **Revata**: Famous for his simplicity and meditative practices.

11. **Yunlu**: Known for his ability to transcend ordinary limitations.

12. **Yinshun**: Revered for his compassion and deep understanding of the Buddha’s teachings.

13. **Bhadra**: Known for his power and determination.

14. **Dharmapala**: A protector of the Dharma and a guardian figure.

15. **Jiezhang**: Noted for his strong adherence to the monastic code.

16. **Foyin**: Known for his insightful teachings and guidance.

17. **Jiujin**: Recognized for his ability to lead and inspire others.

18. **Laozi**: Although not always included in all lists, he is sometimes revered alongside the Arhats for his wisdom and teachings.

These figures are not just historical or mythical characters; they embody the ideals of wisdom, compassion, and spiritual attainment in Buddhism. In art and iconography, they often appear in scenes depicting the Buddha’s teachings or in protective roles, emphasizing their importance as spiritual exemplars.